What Engineers Know And How They Know It Pdf Stephen
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What Engineers Know and How they Know It: Analytical Studies from Aeronautical History (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990) (ISBN 0-8018-4588-2) is a historical. MATLAB Programming for Engineers. But it is much easier to learn Matlab through the official PDF documentation from Mathworks.
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You should buy audio if you would enjoy the convenience of experiencing this course while driving, exercising, etc. While the video does contain visual elements, the professor presents the material in an engaging and clear manner, so the visuals are not necessary to understand the concepts. Additionally, the audio audience may refer to the accompanying course guidebook for names, works, and examples that are cited throughout the course. You should buy video if you prefer learning visually and wish to take advantage of the visual elements featured in this course. The video version is not heavily illustrated, featuring around 150 images, portraits, and diagrams. Portraits include those of thinkers discussed in the course, like Isaac Newton, Joseph Fourier, Thomas Kuhn, and Immanuel Kant. Diagrams include those that help explain scientific principles like Newton's mathematical theory of gravity, Copernican astronomy, and the theory of relativity.
Choose one: (A) Science gives us objective knowledge of an independently existing reality. (B) Scientific knowledge is always provisional and tells us nothing that is universal, necessary, or certain about the world. Welcome to the science wars—a long-running battle over the status of scientific knowledge that began in ancient Greece, raged furiously among scientists, social scientists, and humanists during the 1990s, and has re-emerged in today's conflict between science and religion over issues such as evolution. Professor Steven L.
Goldman, whose Teaching Company course on Science in the 20th Century was praised by customers as 'a scholarly achievement of the highest order' and 'excellent in every way,' leads you on a quest for the nature of scientific reasoning in this intellectually pathbreaking lecture series, Science Wars: What Scientists Know and How They Know It. Those who have taken Professor Goldman's previous course, which is an intensive survey of the revolution in scientific knowledge from 1900 to 2000, may have wondered: if what counts as scientific knowledge can transform so dramatically within only 100 years, what exactly is scientific knowledge? Science Wars addresses this surprisingly difficult question.
Five Centuries of the Science Wars In 24 half-hour lectures, Science Wars explores the history of competing conceptions of scientific knowledge and their implications for science and society from the onset of the Scientific Revolution in the 1600s to the present. It may seem that the accelerating pace of discoveries, inventions, and unexpected insights into nature during this period guarantees the secure foundations of scientific inquiry, but that is far from true. Consider these cases:. The scientific method: In the 1600s the English philosopher Francis Bacon defined the scientific method in its classic form: the use of inductive reasoning to draw conclusions from an exhaustive body of facts. But 'no scientist has ever been a strict Baconian,' says Professor Goldman. 'If you followed that, you would get nowhere.'
. A 'heated' debate: Around 1800 the dispute over the nature of heat was resolved in favor of the theory that heat is motion and not a substance given off during burning.
But then the French mathematical physicist Joseph Fourier wrote a set of equations that accurately described how heat behaves regardless of what it 'really' is, which, Fourier contended, was not a scientific question at all. Paradigm shifts: The publication in 1962 of Thomas Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions precipitated a radical change in attitudes toward scientific knowledge, prompted by Kuhn's insight that science is not an entirely rational enterprise, and that its well-established theories (or paradigms) are overturned in a revolutionary, nonlogical process. Postmodern putdown: The postmodern attack on science as a privileged mode of inquiry made some headway in the late 20th century. But the credibility of the movement wilted in 1996, when a postmodern journal unwittingly published a spoof by physicist Alan Sokal, purporting to prove that physical theory was socially constructed. Sokal then exposed his piece as a parody. In the penultimate lecture of the course, Professor Goldman considers intelligent design—the argument that evolution can't account for the immense complexity of life and that a master designer must be at work.
He approaches this topical debate by asking: What are the minimum criteria that define a hypothesis as scientific, and does intelligent design qualify? Having already covered five centuries of the science wars in the previous lectures, you will analyze this controversy with a set of tools that allows you to see the issues in a sharp, new light. What Is Reality? 'Fasten your seatbelts,' says Professor Goldman at the outset of Lecture 21—an advisory that applies equally to the whole course, which covers an astonishing array of ideas and thinkers.
Throughout, Professor Goldman never loses his narrative thread, which begins 2,400 years ago with Plato's allegorical battle between 'the gods' and 'the earth giants'—between those for whom knowledge is universal, necessary, and certain; and those for whom it cannot be so and is based wholly on experience. The problem of what constitutes scientific knowledge can be illustrated with one of the most famous and widely accepted scientific theories of all time, Nicolaus Copernicus's heliostatic (stationary sun) theory of the solar system, which has undergone continual change since it was first proposed in 1543:. Copernicus called for the planets to move in uniform circular motion around the sun, slightly displaced from the center. Using observations by Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler revised the Copernican model, discarding the ancient dogma of circular motion, which did not fit the data. Instead, he guessed that the planets in fact move in elliptical orbits. In his influential work endorsing the Copernican theory, Galileo ignored Kepler's corrections and opted for circular motion. Notoriously, the Catholic Church condemned Galileo for heresy.
But the church was actually correct that he had no basis for claiming the heliocentric theory was true, rather than simply an interpretation of experience. Galileo's picture of space was superseded by Newton's and later by Einstein's, which also will doubtless be revised. Even something as basic as the elliptical motion of the planets is a vast oversimplification. There are no closed curves in space, since the solar system is moving around the center of the galaxy; the galaxy is moving within the local cluster; and the local cluster is also moving.
Although we still call the conventional picture of the solar system Copernican astronomy, there is effectively no resemblance between astronomy today and Copernicus's 1543 theory of the heavens. The same is also true of other theories, such as the atomic theory of matter. All scientific theories are in a state of ceaseless revision, which raises the question of what reality 'really' is. As the contemporary philosopher of science Mary Hesse has pointed out, the lesson of the history of science seems to be that the theories we currently hold to be true are as likely to be overturned as the theories they replaced!
Sharpen Your Understanding of What Science Is The uncertainty about the status of scientific knowledge and about the objectivity of the scientific enterprise led to a broad assault on science in the late 20th century by sociologists, philosophers, and historians, many connected with the postmodern movement. The lectures covering this attack and the ensuing counterattack by scientists are some of the most thrilling in the course and involve a number of figures whom Professor Goldman knows personally.
Of one of the firebrands in this conflict, the late Viennese philosopher of science Paul Feyerabend, Professor Goldman says, 'I myself took a seminar with Feyerabend when he was teaching at Berkeley in the early 1960s. Feyerabend was not really off the wall, although he was often depicted that way. He too recognized, as everyone must, that after all, science does work and science is knowledge of a sort. It's just not the absolute knowledge that scientists and philosophers have historically claimed that it is.' By the time you reach the end of this course, you will understand exactly what science is, and you will be enlightened about a fascinating problem that perhaps you didn't even know existed. 'There have been a raft of popular books about what scientists know,' says Professor Goldman, 'but to the best of my knowledge, there is not a single one of these popular books that focuses centrally on the question of how scientists know what they know.'
This course serves as that book. Rated 5 out of 5 by DocMatt from Excellent course!
Important for Today This course covers the emergence of modern scientific understanding and how what we think scientists do and know has changed over time. Goldman's knowledge is impressive; his presentation of the history and philosophical issues is crisp, clear and one of the most cogent I have ever heard. I have already listened to the course 2X and find it packed with points and connections I have never been able to clearly make until hearing Dr. Goldman's lectures.
One of the very best courses I have ever had from the Teaching Company. Rated 2 out of 5 by The Quahog from Philosopher good- scientist bad I agree with some of the other less than positive reviews. I also come form the background of a scientist, with a strong interest in history, and less interest in philosophy. Professor Goldman tells us that, from a purely (overly?) rational viewpoint of 'truth' Galileo, Newton, Boyle, Hooke etc. Knew nothing which was true.
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He relishes repeating several times that Einstein's theories showed that Newton was wrong- in his axioms, his formulas, and his conclusions. Which is a tad harsh. However there is hope - enter, of course, Locke, Hobbes, Hume, and Kant.
Who give us 'theories of knowledge.' Hume, for example, makes the stunning 'breakthrough discovery' that, rationally, the fact that an experiment has shown a certain result in the past does not say it will do so in the future. Thus, if a sugar cube dissolved every time it was placed in water, that does not mean it will do so next time. The statement 'a sugar cube dissolves in water' is thus not 'true'. That is pretty much the entire point of the course. If you were curious, as I was about such things as the competing methods of scientific discovery - empirical vs deductive, probability curves vs idiosyncratic results, etc.
And which successful scientist used and developed which methodologies in their discoveries, you will not find that here. Rated 5 out of 5 by tppeter from Excellent summation of the Science Wars The course is an excellent history and summation of the rise and influence of philosophy on the way scientific exploration is conducted and its results are analyzed.
Discussions include background from the entire history of philosophy in the modern era (1700's forward) and how those ideas, especially those from the 20th century forward, influenced not only the way scientific discoveries are perceived by the general public but also how these ideas influenced the way Scientists themselves thought about their work.
Could you visualise a world without technical drawing software? Showing the inner workings of something you engineered by hand sketching the details as accurately as possible. CAD software is the lifeblood of design engineers. Most modern engineers applying for patents for their tirelessly engineered innovations use CAD programs to create their technical drawings. Other design engineers will use the programs to show a mockup of what an eventual product design may look like, and can introduce hypothetical changes to the product and measure the effect it might have.
The pen and ruler has been replaced by computer software. Eighty years ago, however, the inefficient pen and ruler is all engineers had. A collector of technical drawings appeared on BBC’s Antiques road show in September, with a box full of technical drawings from a railway and civil engineer named Robert Stephenson, who drew technical drawings by hand in 1823. He was the son of who is considered to be the ‘Father of Railways’, George Stephenson. Jonathan Moller, who brought the box of drawings to the popular show bought the box on eBay for $115. The historian on the show valuated the drawings at more than $38,000. There probably are still the purists who have not let go of the traditional pencil and eraser, however, there is no denying that technology has forever changed engineering.
As a result, engineers have had to gain new skills related to information technology to keep as relevant to the industry. Their grasp on technical knowledge has undeniably grown over the years. LinkedIn have published their list of skills that are most in demand and will most likely get a candidate hired in the modern workplace. The conundrum that engineers face is how to implement non-engineering skills into their daily work life without losing focus on their main skills. The most ‘in-demand’ skills, according to LinkedIn are: 1. Cloud and distributed computing 2. Statistical analysis and data mining 3.
Web architecture and development framework 4. Middleware and integration software 5. User interface design 6. Network and information security 7. Mobile development 8.
Science
Data presentation 9. Search engine optimization marketing 10. Storage systems and management Those look more like individual jobs than skills, to be frank. What is apparent is that information technology skills have become very crucial to landing a job in the global village.
Having ten of these skills on top of an engineering degree is probably being optimistic. Having some of these skills, however, could put you ahead of the pack. Gone are the days where just being a people person, with the ability of being a team player, gets you the job. In some cases, engineers abandon their initial engineering studies and move to a DevOps engineering role or software engineering role, away from traditional engineering endeavour.
And perhaps some are not wrong. CareerCast.com published a report that showed that software engineers, computer system analysts and web developers are the most in demand jobs of 2016, with petroleum engineering only coming in at fourth place.
Aviation
The starting salaries for engineers may be higher but there seems to be more job opportunities for people going into information technology roles, where only some rely on engineering. Moreover, there is a push for engineers to become proficient in marketing and entrepreneurial skills as well. Engineers with the market-know-how of Steve Jobs and the technical skill of Steve Wozniak. The Massachusetts Institute of Technology launched a minor degree in Entrepreneurship & Innovation earlier this year, encouraging engineers to enroll due to the lecturers being part of the MIT Schools of Engineering and Management. Some critics, however, are giving a different perspective on the way engineering is being advertised to future students.
Critics say it should not be advertised as a field of study that leans heavily on entrepreneurship and makes it look all shiny. The reality of it is a bit different. Although, working for Tesla or SpaceX would be cool. “ The value of engineering is much, much more than just innovation and new things. Focusing on taking care of the world rather just creating the new nifty thing that’s going to solve all of our problems,” said Lee Vinsel, an Assistant Professor of Science and Technology Studies at the Stevens Institute of Technology. He spoke to journalist Stephen Dubner on a recent podcast episode of Freakonomics, named ‘In Praise of Maintenance’.
“ If you look at what engineers do, out in the world, like 70-80 percent of them spend most of their time just keeping things going. And so, this comes down to engineering education too, when we’re forcing entrepreneurship and innovation as the message, we’re just kind of skewing reality for young people and we’re not giving them the real picture and we’re also not valuing the work that they’re probably going to do in their life.
That just seems to me to be a kind of a bad idea” Vinsel said. This is where LinkedIn’s ‘ in demand’ skills come in. A good number of industrial facilities now run on completely automated systems that rely on SCADA systems, PLCs and more. Technical know-how is a must when it comes to these systems, because the Internet of Things lies on the horizon.
This means that learning how to secure network information and operations is critical to keeping key engineering industries (like power plants) functioning. It would be advantageous to become well equipped with the skills that could save a company a lot of money, and could get you a pay raise. Here at the Engineering Insittute of Technology we offer 3 month course, as well as various SCADA 3 month courses: and. Please contact us for more information. Industry Oriented EIT Programs are specifically designed by an international body of industry experts, ensuring that you graduate with cutting-edge skills that are valued by employers around the world Experience Our lecturers include highly experienced engineers, with real-world knowledge, NOT just academics.
Recognition EIT programs are fully accredited in Australia and recognized by many authorizing bodies around the world. Flexibility Our innovative online delivery model ensures that you have access to the best lecturers and resources 24 hours a day. You can participate from anywhere in the world, as long as you have an Internet connection. Dedicated Support You will be supported by a dedicated Learning Support Officer for the duration of your studies, giving you a greater chance of success! Global Reach EIT’s current students join from over 140 countries, with expert lecturers and tutors based around the globe, providing you with a truly international perspective. Engineering Specialist EIT is one of the only private colleges in the world specializing in engineering.